{"id":3473,"date":"2026-11-04T14:42:44","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T07:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/?p=3473"},"modified":"2026-11-04T15:14:25","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T08:14:25","slug":"measles-mumps-and-rubella-symptoms-complications-and-the-role-of-the-mmr-vaccine-in-disease-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/measles-mumps-and-rubella-symptoms-complications-and-the-role-of-the-mmr-vaccine-in-disease-prevention","title":{"rendered":"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella: Symptoms, Complications, and the Role of the MMR Vaccine in Disease Prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>1. Overview of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Measles, mumps, and rubella <\/strong>are three acute infectious diseases caused by different viruses. All three can spread within communities through respiratory droplets, respiratory secretions, or airborne transmission, with outbreaks particularly likely among individuals who lack immunity against these diseases [1], [3], [5].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Although each disease has its own characteristic clinical manifestations, all three can lead to complications. Measles, in particular, can cause pneumonia and encephalitis; mumps can lead to orchitis and meningitis; while rubella poses a risk of serious congenital abnormalities when infection occurs during pregnancy [2], [4], [6].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>2. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella: Key Facts to Know<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>2.1. Measles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Measles is caused by the measles virus (scientific species name: <em>Morbillivirus hominis<\/em>, belonging to the family <em>Paramyxoviridae<\/em>). It is transmitted through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes. The virus can remain infectious in the air for up to two hours after an infected person has left the area. According to the CDC, up to 9 out of 10 susceptible individuals who are exposed to an infected person may develop measles [1].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Symptoms typically appear 7\u201314 days after exposure to the virus. Characteristic signs and symptoms include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">High fever, cough, and runny nose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Red eyes, watery eyes, or conjunctivitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Small white Koplik spots may appear on the inside of the cheeks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">A red rash that typically begins on the face before spreading downward to the trunk and limbs [1], [2].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3468\" src=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/dom-Koplik-benh-soi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/dom-Koplik-benh-soi.jpg 602w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/dom-Koplik-benh-soi-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/dom-Koplik-benh-soi-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><em>Image: Koplik spots in the mouth of a patient with measles. <\/em><em><u>(Source:<\/u><\/em><em> AAFP)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Measles can cause more than just fever and rash. It may also lead to complications, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Otitis media and diarrhea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Pneumonia and encephalitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Eye damage, visual impairment, or blindness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare but serious neurological complication.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">In addition, measles virus infection can cause immune amnesia, impairing the immune system&#8217;s ability to recognize previously encountered pathogens and leaving individuals more susceptible to other infections for an extended period after recovery [1], [2].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>2.2. Mumps<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus (scientific species name: <em>Mumps orthorubulavirus<\/em>, belonging to the family <em>Paramyxoviridae<\/em>). It primarily affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The virus is transmitted through direct contact with saliva or respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or kisses, as well as through sharing objects contaminated with saliva [3].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The incubation period is typically 16\u201318 days, although it can range from 12 to 25 days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Common signs and symptoms include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Fever, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and loss of appetite.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Painful swelling of one or both parotid glands, causing enlargement of the cheeks and jaw area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Pain when chewing or swallowing [3], [4].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Mumps can lead to complications, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), particularly in males after puberty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries) or mastitis (inflammation of the breast tissue).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Meningitis and encephalitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Pancreatitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Hearing impairment, with permanent hearing loss occurring in rare cases [4].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tre-em-mac-quai-bi-11-26.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3470\" src=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tre-em-mac-quai-bi-11-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"602\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tre-em-mac-quai-bi-11-26.jpg 602w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tre-em-mac-quai-bi-11-26-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tre-em-mac-quai-bi-11-26-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><em>Image: Illustration of a child with mumps.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>2.3. Rubella<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Rubella is an infectious disease caused by the rubella virus (belonging to the family <em>Matonaviridae<\/em>) transmitted primarily through respiratory secretions when an infected person coughs or sneezes. According to the CDC, approximately 25\u201350% of individuals infected with rubella do not develop noticeable symptoms but can still transmit the virus to others [5].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Common signs and symptoms include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Mild fever, fatigue, and sore throat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Swollen lymph nodes behind the ears, at the back of the head, or in the neck.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">A pinkish-red maculopapular rash that typically begins on the face and spreads throughout the body, usually lasting approximately three days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Joint pain or arthritis, which occurs more frequently in adult women.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">According to the CDC, up to 70% of adult women with rubella may experience joint pain or arthritis [5], [6].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3464\" src=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"752\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella.png 752w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella-648x365.png 648w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/bien-chung-Rubella-160x90.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><em>Image: Complications of rubella. (Source: CDC)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Serious Complication: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Rubella poses a particularly serious risk to pregnant women, especially during the first trimester.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">According to the World Health Organization (WHO), maternal rubella infection occurring from just before conception through the first 8\u201310 weeks of pregnancy can result in multiple congenital abnormalities in up to 90% of affected pregnancies [7].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which may result in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Deafness or hearing impairment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Eye abnormalities, including congenital cataracts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Congenital heart defects.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Developmental delays and neurological damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Infants with congenital rubella syndrome may continue to shed the virus through bodily secretions for an extended period, sometimes for one year or longer [7], [8].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>3. Proactive Prevention of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Through the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Live Attenuated Vaccine<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Vaccination is a safe and effective measure for inducing active immunity against measles, mumps, and rubella.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The MMR vaccine is a combination vaccine containing live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It stimulates the body to develop an immune response against all three diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">According to the recommended vaccination schedule (*):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Dose 1:<\/strong> At 12\u201315 months of age.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Dose 2:<\/strong> At 4\u20136 years of age (**).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><em>(*<\/em>) This schedule applies to children who have previously received a monovalent measles vaccine at 9 months of age.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><em>(**) The second dose (booster dose) may be administered at any time, provided that at least 4 weeks have elapsed since the first dose (or any previously administered live vaccine dose).\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3474\" src=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1056\" height=\"1320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination.png 1056w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination-188x235.png 188w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination-406x508.png 406w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Proactive-MMR-Vaccination-100x125.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\"><em>Image: Proactive MMR Vaccination<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Currently, the combined MMR vaccine, TRESIVAC, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India (SII), imported by Company Limited for Vaccines and Biologicals No. 1, and distributed by NAVIVA GROUP, helps induce active immunity against measles, mumps, and rubella simultaneously.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Parents should proactively review their children&#8217;s vaccination records and take them to vaccination facilities for pre-vaccination screening and consultation on an appropriate MMR vaccination schedule, thereby contributing to the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/measles\/about\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1] CDC. <em>About Measles<\/em><\/a><u>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">2026<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/measles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2] WHO. <em>Measles &#8211; Fact Sheet<\/em><\/a><u>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">2026<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mumps\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3] CDC. <em>About Mumps<\/em><\/a><u>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">2025<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mumps\/signs-symptoms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4] CDC. <em>Mumps Symptoms and Complications<\/em><\/a><u>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">2024<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Overview of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Measles, mumps, and rubella are three acute infectious diseases caused by different viruses. All three can spread within communities through respiratory droplets, respiratory secretions, or airborne transmission, with outbreaks particularly likely among individuals who lack immunity against these diseases [1], [3], [5]. Although each disease has its own [&hellip;] <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3473","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3473","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3473"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3473\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3478,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3473\/revisions\/3478"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3473"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3473"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naviva.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}